. Written in, (, ), Available in GNU + Website GNU Emacs is the most popular and most ported. It was created by founder. In common with other varieties of Emacs, GNU Emacs is extensible using a programming language.

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GNU Emacs has been called 'the most powerful text editor available today'. With proper support from the underlying system, GNU Emacs is able to display files in multiple character sets, and has been able to simultaneously display most human languages since at least 1999. Throughout its history, GNU Emacs has been a central component of the project, and a flagship of the movement. GNU Emacs is sometimes abbreviated as GNUMACS, especially to differentiate it from other EMACS variants. The tag line for GNU Emacs is 'the extensible self-documenting text editor'. Founder of the and author of GNU Emacs In 1976, Stallman wrote the first Emacs (“Editor MACroS”), and in 1984, began work on GNU Emacs, to produce a alternative to the proprietary. GNU Emacs was initially based on Gosling Emacs, but Stallman's replacement of its Mocklisp interpreter with a true Lisp interpreter required that nearly all of its code be rewritten.

This became the first program released by the nascent GNU Project. GNU Emacs is written in C and provides, also implemented in C, as an extension language. Version 13, the first public release, was made on March 20, 1985. The first widely distributed version of GNU Emacs was version 15.34, released later in 1985.

Early versions of GNU Emacs were numbered as '1.x.x,' with the initial digit denoting the version of the C core. The '1' was dropped after version 1.12 as it was thought that the major number would never change, and thus the major version skipped from '1' to '13'. A new third version number was added to represent changes made by user sites. In the current numbering scheme, a number with two components signifies a release version, with development versions having three components. GNU Emacs was later ported to Unix.

It offered more features than Gosling Emacs, in particular a full-featured Lisp as its extension language, and soon replaced Gosling Emacs as the de facto Unix Emacs editor. Exploited a security flaw in GNU Emacs' email subsystem in his 1986 cracking spree, in which he gained access to Unix computers. Although users commonly submitted patches and Elisp code to the net.emacs, participation in GNU Emacs development was relatively restricted until 1999, and was used as an example of the 'Cathedral' development style in. The project has since adopted a public development mailing list and anonymous access. Development took place in a single CVS trunk until 2008, and today uses the. Richard Stallman has remained the principal maintainer of GNU Emacs, but he has stepped back from the role at times.

Stefan Monnier and Chong Yidong have overseen maintenance since 2008. On September 21, 2015 Monnier announced that he would be stepping down as maintainer effective with the feature freeze of Emacs 25. Longtime contributor John Wiegley was announced as the new maintainer on November 5, 2015.

Licensing The terms of the (GPL) state that the Emacs source code, including both the C and Emacs Lisp components, are freely available for examination, modification, and redistribution. Older versions of the GNU Emacs documentation appeared under an ad-hoc license that required the inclusion of certain text in any modified copy. In the GNU Emacs user's manual, for example, this included instructions for obtaining GNU Emacs and Richard Stallman's essay. The XEmacs manuals, which were inherited from older GNU Emacs manuals when the fork occurred, have the same license. Newer versions of the documentation use the with 'invariant sections' that require the inclusion of the same documents and that the manuals proclaim themselves as GNU Manuals. For GNU Emacs, like many other GNU packages, it remains policy to accept significant code contributions only if the holder executes a suitable disclaimer or assignment of their copyright interest to the.

Bug fixes and minor code contributions of fewer than 10 lines are exempt. This policy is in place so that the FSF can defend the software in court if its license is violated. In 2011, it was noticed that GNU Emacs had been accidentally releasing some binaries without corresponding source code for two years, in opposition to the intended spirit of the, resulting in a. Richard Stallman described this incident as 'a very bad mistake', which was promptly fixed. Naturally, the FSF didn't sue any downstream redistributors who also unknowingly violated the GPL by distributing these binaries. Using GNU Emacs.

Editing and compiling code from GNU Emacs Commands In its normal editing mode, GNU Emacs behaves like other text editors and allows the user to insert characters with the corresponding keys and to move the editing point with the arrow keys. Sequences or pressing the and/or the, or in conjunction with a regular key produces that invoke functions from the Emacs Lisp environment. Commands such as save-buffer and save-buffers-kill-emacs combine multiple modified keystrokes. Some GNU Emacs commands work by invoking an external program, such as ispell for spell-checking or (gcc) for program compilation, parsing the program's output, and displaying the result in GNU Emacs.

Emacs also supports 'inferior processes'—long-lived processes that interact with an Emacs buffer. This is used to implement shell-mode, running a as inferior process, as well as (REPL) modes for various programming languages. Emacs' support for external processes makes it an attractive environment for interactive programming along the lines of. Users who prefer -style keys can use cua-mode, a package that originally was a third-party add-on but has been included in GNU Emacs since version 22.

Minibuffer Emacs uses the 'minibuffer,' normally the bottommost line, to present status and request information—the functions that would typically be performed by in most GUIs. The minibuffer holds information such as text to target in a search or the name of a file to read or save. When applicable, is available using the tab and space keys. File management and display Emacs keeps text in known as. Buffers may or may not be displayed onscreen, and all buffer features are accessible to both an program and to the user interface. The user can create new buffers and dismiss unwanted ones, and many buffers can exist at the same time.

There is no upper limit on the number of buffers Emacs allows, other than hardware memory limits. Advanced users may amass hundreds of open buffers of various types relating to their current work. Emacs can be configured to save the list of open buffers on exit, and reopen this list when it is restarted. Some buffers contain text loaded from, which the user can edit and save back to permanent storage.

These buffers are said to be 'visiting' files. Buffers also serve to display other data, such as the output of Emacs commands, directory listings, documentation strings displayed by the 'help' library and notification messages that in other editors would be displayed in a. Some of these notifications are displayed briefly in the minubuffer, and GNU Emacs provides a.Messages. buffer that keeps a history of the most recent notifications of this type.

When the minibuffer is used for output from Emacs, it is called the 'echo area'. Longer notifications are displayed in buffers of their own. The maximum length of messages that will be displayed in the minibuffer is, of course, configurable.

Buffers can also serve as input and output areas for an external process such as a. Buffers which Emacs creates on its own are typically named with on each end, to distinguish from user buffers.

The list of open buffers is itself displayed in this type of buffer. Most Emacs key sequences remain functional in any buffer. For example, the standard Ctrl-s isearch function can be used to search filenames in dired buffers, and the file list can be saved to a text file just as any other buffer. Dired buffers can be switched to a writable mode, in which filenames and attributes can be edited textually; when the buffer is saved, the changes are written to the filesystem. This allows multiple files to be renamed using the search and replace features of Emacs.

When so equipped, Emacs displays in buffers. Emacs is binary safe and 8-bit clean. Emacs can split the editing area into separate sections called 'windows,' a feature that has been available since 1975, predating the graphical user interface in common use. In Emacs terminology, 'Windows' are similar to what other systems call ' or ' – a rectangular portion of the program's display that can be updated and interacted with independently. Each Emacs window has a called the 'mode line' displayed by default at the bottom edge of the window. Emacs windows are available both in text-terminal and graphical modes and allow more than one buffer, or several parts of a buffer, to be displayed at once. GNU Emacs Manual (cover art by Etienne Suvasa; cover design by ) Apart from the built-in documentation, GNU Emacs has an unusually long and detailed.

An electronic copy of the GNU Emacs Manual, written by Richard Stallman, is bundled with GNU Emacs and can be viewed with the built-in browser. Two additional manuals, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual by Bil Lewis, Richard Stallman, and Dan Laliberte and An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp by, are included. All three manuals are also published in book form by the. The XEmacs manual is similar to the GNU Emacs Manual, from which it forked at the same time that the XEmacs software forked from GNU Emacs. Internationalization GNU Emacs has support for many alphabets, scripts, writing systems, and cultural conventions and provides for many languages by calling external programs such as.

Mac Emacs Meta

Version 24 added support for bidirectional text and left-to-right and right-to-left for languages such as Arabic, Persian and Hebrew. Many systems, including, are supported. GNU Emacs uses UTF-8 for its encoding as of GNU 23, while prior versions used their own encoding internally and performed conversion upon load and save. The internal encoding used by XEmacs is similar to that of GNU Emacs but differs in details. The GNU Emacs user interface originated in English and, with the exception of the beginners' tutorial, has not been translated into any other language. A subsystem called enables visually impaired and blind users to control the editor through audio feedback. Extensibility.

GNU Emacs with, a set of tools for editing and documents The behavior of GNU Emacs can be modified and extended almost without limit by incorporating Emacs Lisp programs that define new commands, new buffer modes, new keymaps, add command-line options, and so on. Many extensions providing user-facing functionality define a major mode (either for a new file type or to build a non-text-editing user interface); others define only commands or minor modes, or provide functions that enhance another extension. Many extensions are bundled with the GNU Emacs installation; others used to be downloaded as loose files (the gnu.emacs.sources was a traditional source) but there has been a development of managed packages and package download sites since version 24, with a built-in package manager (itself an extension) to download, install, and keep them up to date. A few examples include:., tools to edit and process and documents. Calc, a powerful numerical.

Calendar-mode, for keeping appointment calendars and diaries., a file manager., a -like text generator. Doctor, a simulation inspired by., a. Ediff and Emerge, for comparing and combining files interactively. Emacs/W3, a written in Emacs Lisp, primarily.

Emacs/W3 is part of the Sumo package for XEmacs, and the submodule for fetching a is currently part of the GNU Emacs. Was supported by Emacs/W3 and by while working on a successor to called. (ESS) modes for editing statistical languages like R and SAS. (EWW), a built-in web browser.

and and Circe, clients., a command line written in Emacs Lisp. This allows closer integration with the Emacs environment than standard shells such as or, which are also available from within Emacs. For example, in Eshell, Elisp functions are available as shell commands and output from can be redirected to an Emacs buffer., an allowing apps to be run in an Emacs window., a full-featured (newsreader) and and early evidence for. Magit, for working with the version control system.

for editing pages on projects. MULtilingual Enhancement to Emacs allows editing of text in multiple languages in a manner somewhat analogous to Unicode. for keeping notes, maintaining various types of lists, planning and measuring projects, and composing documents in many formats (such as, or formats). There are using org mode, as well as an extension, Babel, allowing it to be used for., a. Simple Emacs Spreadsheet (SES), a standard mode providing a. SQL Interaction Mode, a mode for interacting with various flavours of. Superior Lisp Interaction Mode for Emacs extends GNU Emacs into a development environment for.

With SLIME (written in Emacs Lisp) the GNU Emacs editor communicates with a Common Lisp system (using the SWANK backend) over a special communication protocol and provides such tools as a, a data inspector and a. (Info), an online help-browser. View Mail (VM), another full-featured email client.

Viper, a vi emulation layer; also, Evil, a Vim emulation layer. W3M, another web browser, this based on and using the standalone browser. Wanderlust, a versatile email and news client. Zone, a mode incorporating various text effects.

Performance GNU Emacs often ran noticeably slower than rival text editors on the systems in which it was first implemented, because the loading and of its Lisp-based code incurs a performance overhead. Modern computers are powerful enough to run GNU Emacs without slowdowns, but versions prior to 19.29 (released in 1995) couldn't edit files larger than 8 MB. The file size limit was raised in successive versions, and versions after GNU Emacs 23.2 can edit files up to 512 MB in size.

Emacs compiled on a 64-bit machine can handle much larger buffers. Platforms GNU Emacs has become one of the most- non-trivial computer programs and runs on a wide variety of, including,. Support for some 'obsolete platforms was removed in Emacs 23.1', such as VMS and most Unix variants (except those based on Linux). It is available for most operating systems, such as, the various, and, and is often included with their system installation packages.

Native ports of GNU Emacs exist for and Nokia's. GNU Emacs runs both on and in (GUI) environments. On Unix-like operating systems, GNU Emacs can use the to produce its GUI either directly using or by using a 'widget toolkit' such as,. GNU Emacs can also use the graphics systems native to macOS and Windows to provide, and conforming more closely to each platform's. Forks XEmacs. XEmacs 21.5 on / Lucid Emacs, based on an early version of GNU Emacs 19, was developed beginning in 1991 by and others at Lucid Inc. One of the best-known forks in development occurred when the codebases of the two Emacs versions diverged and the separate development teams ceased efforts to merge them back into a single program.

After Lucid filed for bankruptcy, Lucid Emacs was renamed and remains the second most popular variety of Emacs, after GNU Emacs. XEmacs development has slowed, with the most recent stable version 21.4.22 released in January 2009, while GNU Emacs has implemented many formerly XEmacs-only features. This has led some users to proclaim XEmacs' death. Other forks of GNU Emacs Other forks, less known than XEmacs, include:.

– a Japanese version for Microsoft Windows. – Steve Youngs' fork of XEmacs.

– a version which focuses on integrating with the Apple Macintosh user interface. Remacs – a port of GNU Emacs to the programming language. Release history Changes in each Emacs release are listed in a NEWS file distributed with Emacs. Changes brought about by downgrading to the previous release are listed in an 'Antinews' file Version Release date Significant changes 26.1 May 28, 2018 Limited form of concurrency with Lisp threads. Support for optional display of line numbers in the buffer.

Emacs now uses double buffering to reduce flicker on the X Window System. Flymake has been completely redesigned. TRAMP has a new connection method for Google Drive.

New single-line horizontal scrolling mode. A systemd user unit file is provided. Support for 24-bit colors on capable text terminals. 25.1 September 17, 2016 Support for loading shared/dynamic libraries (modules). Validation of TLS/SSL certificates.

New minor mode 'electric-quote-mode' for using curved quotes. Character folding support in isearch.el.

Support for embedding native widgets inside Emacs buffers. New and improved facilities for inserting Unicode characters. 24.5 April 10, 2015 Mainly a bugfix release. 24.4 October 20, 2014 Support for ACLs (access control lists) and digital signatures of Emacs Lisp packages. Improved fullscreen and multi-monitor support. Support for saving and restoring the state of frames and windows. Improved menu support on text terminals.

Another built-in web browser ( M-x eww). A new rectangular mark mode ( C-x SPC). File notification support. 24.3 March 10, 2013 Generalized variables are now in core Emacs Lisp, an update for the Common Lisp emulation library, and a new major mode for Python. 24.2 August 27, 2012 Bugfix release 24.1 June 10, 2012 Emacs Lisp Package Archive (ELPA), support for native color themes, optional GTK+3, support for bi-directional input, support for lexical scoping in emacs lisp 23.4 January 29, 2012 Fixes a security flaw. 23.3 March 10, 2011 Improved functionality for using Emacs with version control systems.

23.2 May 8, 2010 New tools for using Emacs as an, including navigation across a project and automatic Makefile generation. New major mode for editing JavaScript source. In GUIs, the cursor is hidden while the user types.

23.1 July 29, 2009 Support for anti-aliased fonts on through, better support, Doc-view mode and new packages for viewing and files, connection to processes through (dbus), connection to the (EasyPG), nXML mode for editing documents, Ruby mode for editing programs, and more. Use of the GUI libraries on was replaced by use of the more modern GUI libraries. 22.3 September 5, 2008 GTK+ toolkit support, enhanced mouse support, a new keyboard macro system, improved Unicode support, and drag-and-drop operation on X. Many new modes and packages including a graphical user interface to GDB, Python mode, the mathematical tool Calc, and the remote file editing system Tramp ('Transparent Remote (file) Access, Multiple Protocol'). 22.2 March 26, 2008 New support for the Bazaar, Mercurial, Monotone, and Git systems.

New major modes for editing CSS, Vera, Verilog, and BibTeX style files. Improved scrolling support in Image mode., Analysis Summary,. ^. With the availability of fonts and, where necessary, internationalized terminal emulators, Emacs can simultaneously handle most of the world's languages. There is a new version numbering scheme. What used to be the first version number, which was 1, has been discarded since it does not seem that I need three levels of version number. However, a new third version number has been added to represent changes by user sites.

This number will always be zero in Emacs when I distribute it; it will be incremented each time Emacs is built at another site. A version number with two components (e.g., ‘22.1’) indicates a released version; three components indicate a development version (e.g., ‘23.0.50’ is what will eventually become ‘23.1’). 'Stalking the wily hacker'. 31 (5): 484–497.:. Retrieved 2014-11-16. Gnu.org Mailing List. Retrieved 2008-02-23.; see also.

Brockmeier, Joe (Jul 29, 2011). Retrieved 2016-01-19. by Edward J. Naughton (Aug 8, 2011). on (2011). on lists.gnu.org by Richard Stallman (Jul 28, 2011). Software: Practice and Experience.

18: 999–1009. However, it is still possible to create multiple “frames” on text terminals; such frames are displayed one at a time, filling the entire terminal screen. Cameron, Debra; Rosenblatt, Bill; (1996). In a Nutshell Series (2 ed.). O'Reilly Media, Inc.

Retrieved 2010-11-02. A face is a font and colour combination. In batch mode, Emacs does not display the text being edited, and the standard terminal interrupt characters such as C-z and C-c have their usual effect. Emacs functions that normally print a message in the echo area will print to either the standard output stream (stdout) or the standard error stream (stderr) instead. (To be precise, functions like prin1, princ and print print to stdout, while message and error print to stderr.) Functions that normally read keyboard input from the minibuffer take their input from the terminal’s standard input stream (stdin) instead.

(Sep 28, 1999). Retrieved 16 November 2010. (2007-06-03).

Info-gnu-emacs (Mailing list). Retrieved 2011-07-31. Feng, Chris (27 November 2017). – via GitHub. Jonas Bernoulli.

Retrieved Feb 8, 2017. Petersen, Mickey. 'An introduction to Magit, an Emacs mode for Git'. Retrieved Feb 8, 2017. Kifer, Michael. Michael Kifer's website. Retrieved 2012-11-15.

Retrieved 2018-05-18. B, Ramprasad (2005-06-24).

Retrieved 2006-09-27. Borgman, Lennart (2006). Archived from on 2007-03-06.

Retrieved 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2006-09-27. Retrieved 2012-06-10. Retrieved 2006-09-27. Stephen J., Turnbull.

Retrieved 2012-10-02. Feb 16, 2012. Archived from on 2012-02-16. Retrieved 2009-11-08. The Remacs github repository. Retrieved Feb 22, 2017. GNU Emacs NEWS - history of user-visible changes.

For those users who live backwards in time, here is information about downgrading to Emacs version 24.5. We hope you will enjoy the greater simplicity that results from the absence of many Emacs 25.2 features. Retrieved on 2013-07-17. Retrieved 2018-05-29. Retrieved 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2015-04-11.

Petton, Nicolas (2015-04-10). Retrieved 2015-04-11. Morris, Glenn (2014-10-20). Retrieved 2014-10-22. Morris, Glenn (2013-03-10). Retrieved 2013-03-16. Yidong, Chong (2012-08-27).

Retrieved 2012-11-11. Yidong, Chong (2012-06-01).

Retrieved 2012-06-01. Yidong, Chong (2012-01-09). Retrieved 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2009-11-08. (2003-12-15).

Linux Magazine. Retrieved 2010-02-01. Tramp. stands for 'Transparent Remote (file) Access, Multiple Protocol.' . Free Software Foundation Inc (2007). Retrieved 2013-12-29.

Programs such as mailers that invoke 'the editor' as an inferior to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process instead of creating a new editor. Further reading. (2002). Retrieved 2007-02-01. Archived from on 2013-07-03.

Glickstein, Bob (April 1997). Writing GNU Emacs Extensions. O'Reilly & Associates. Cameron, Debra; Elliott, James; Loy, Marc; Raymond, Eric; Rosenblatt, Bill (December 2004).

O'Reilly & Associates. External links.